Therefore, the aim of this perspective is to discuss the current evidence on the role of dietary protein and the adaptive response (e.g., biochemical and physiological endpoints) with endurance training. From these considerations it becomes clear that the role of dietary protein in optimizing endurance training adaptations requires further study. Just as with resistance exercise, exogenous essential amino acids are required to repair the endurance exercise-induced muscle damage. Further evidence for increased protein-needs of individuals participating in endurance training regimes comes from studies on amino acid oxidation during exercise in rodents ( Kato et al., 2016) and humans ( Kato et al., 2016) and hypothetically for capillarization, synthesis and turn-over of mitochondrial proteins and proteins involved in oxygen transport including hemoglobin and myoglobin. Particularly, they reported that eight out of nine studies on the effects of endurance training on skeletal muscle demonstrated significant muscle growth in both younger and older individuals ( Konopka and Harber, 2014). However, a recent review on endurance training and skeletal muscle hypertrophy revealed that both acute and chronic endurance training enhances muscle protein synthesis and skeletal muscle growth respectively ( Konopka and Harber, 2014). This could have resulted in an underappreciation of the role of dietary protein for the endurance athlete. This is not surprising since the general paradigm states that endurance training has insignificant effects on skeletal muscle growth. Thus far, scientific evidence demonstrating the significance of dietary protein is mainly derived from research with resistance exercise training regimes ( Cermak et al., 2012). Post-exercise carbohydrate ingestion is considered to facilitate muscle glycogen resynthesis ( Burke et al., 2017), and that of proteins to repair the exercise-induced damage to the contractile proteins and for de novo synthesis of proteins ( Phillips, 2012). Nutritional strategies to maximize recovery from exercise are widely used by recreational as well as elite athletes. Therefore, future human intervention studies must unravel whether dietary protein is truly capable of augmenting endurance training adaptations and ultimately performance. To conclude, evidence of the role of protein on endurance training adaptations and performance remains scarce and is mainly derived from acute exercise studies. ![]() Thus far, the scientific evidence demonstrating the significance of dietary protein is mainly derived from research with resistance exercise training regimes. A low supply of amino acids relative to that of carbohydrates may also have negative effects on the synthesis of capillaries, synthesis and turn-over of mitochondrial proteins and proteins involved in oxygen transport including hamoglobin and myoglobin. Although the amount of amino acids as part of total energy expenditure during exercise is relatively low compared to other substrates (e.g., carbohydrates and fat), it may depress the rates of skeletal muscle protein synthesis, and thereby have a negative effect on training adaptation. On a metabolic level, a single bout of endurance training stimulates the oxidation of several amino acids. ![]() Therefore, the aim of this perspective is to discuss the current evidence on the role of dietary protein and the adaptive response with endurance training. The significance of carbohydrates for endurance training has been well established, whereas the role of protein and the adaptive response with endurance training is unclear. 2Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.1Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands. ![]() Hopman 1,2 Conor Verbruggen 1 Marco Mensink 1
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